Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being

Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci
University of Rochester

January 2000 • American Psychologist
Vol. 55, No. 1, 68-78
DOI: 10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68

Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively,passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly,research guided by self-determination theo~has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically,factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.